Nombre en español: Colibrí Verdemar

Nombre cientifico: Colibri cyanotus

Nombre en ingles: Lesser Violetear

Familia: Trochilidae

Foto: Ferney Salgado

Canto: Hotel Tinamu

Canto: Peter Boesman

El colibrí oreja violeta o colibrí orejiazul (Colibri cyanotus) es una especie de ave apodiforme de la familiaTrochilidae que vive en las tierras altas, desde la parte central de México hasta el oeste de Panamá y, en la región de Los Andes, desde el norte de Venezuela hasta Bolivia. Es una ave migratoria que llega hasta Estados Unidos e incluso Canadá. Su hábitat son los campos con árboles y matorrales, entre los 600 y los 3 000 msnm, pero al parecer evita las zonas inundables y la selva tropical muy húmeda.

Descripción

Mide de 9,9 a 11,5 cm de longitud y pesa de 5 a 6 g. El macho es de color verde césped brillante en la cabeza y el dorso, color que se vuelve bronceado en la grupa y la parte superior de las alas. Se distingue por una mancha azul o violeta alrededor del oído. La cola es cuadrada y muestra una amplia franja subterminal azul oscura.

Las subespecies del norte presentan una mancha violeta en el pecho y una franja azul-violeta a lo largo de la barbilla, que a menudo se conecta con la del oído.

La hembra es similar al macho, pero en promedio es más pequeña y de coloración un poco más apagada, con la franja de color violeta más estrecha en el mentón.

Las subespecies desde Costa Rica hacia el sur tienen el pecho verde brillante y no muestran mancha violeta en el pecho y la barbilla, pero sí la azul violeta del oído.

Los ejemplares juveniles tienen el plumaje verde oliva en la parte superior, con tintes grisáceos en el pecho y vientre; posteriormente mudan de plumaje, adquiriendo los tonos brillantes metálicos.

Comportamiento

Visita flores de muchas especies de plantas para alimentarse del néctar. Canta vigorosamente CHIP-chut-chut, chip, CHIIT, y emite un llamado seco chut, aunque se registran variaciones regionales en las notas: chak-chit o b’r’b’r’t’stik. El nido es una copa de material vegetal, construido en un árbol a una altura de 1 a 3 m. La hembra pone 2 huevos blancos.

Subespecies

Han sido identificadas las siguientes subespecies:

Colibri thalassinus cabanidis (Heine, 1863)
Colibri thalassinus crissalis Todd, 1942
Colibri thalassinus cyanotus (Bourcier, 1843)
Colibri thalassinus kerdeli Aveledo & Perez, 1991
Colibri thalassinus thalassinus (Swainson, 1827)

Lesser Violetear

Lesser Violetear (Colibri cyanotus) is a medium-sized, metallic green hummingbird species commonly found in forested areas from Mexico to Nicaragua. This species, together with the lesser violetear were previously considered conspecific, and together called the green violetear.

Taxonomy

The Green (Mexican) violetear belongs to the order Apodiformes. Hummingbirds share this order with the swifts, such as the white-collared swift. The name Apodiformes is derived from the Greek words «a pous,» meaning «without foot.» While apodiforms do in fact have feet, they are quite small and their legs are short and relatively weak. Many birds in this order cannot walk, and thus rarely if ever land on the ground, where they are not well-adapted to forage or to escape from predators. Members of this order spend a majority of their active time in the air.

Description

The Green violetear is roughly medium-sized by hummingbird standards. It averages around 9.7 to 12 cm (3.8 to 4.7 in) in total length. Its bill is black and mostly straight with only a slight downward curve and measures from 1.8 to 2.5 cm (0.71 to 0.98 in). The body mass can vary from 4.8 to 5.6 g (0.17 to 0.20 oz). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 5.8 to 6.8 cm (2.3 to 2.7 in) and the tail is 3.5 to 4.3 cm (1.4 to 1.7 in).It is shining green above with a glittering violet ear-patch on the sides of its neck. Its throat and chest are a more glittering green with a shining green belly. The tail is a metallic blue-green with more bronzy central feathers and a prominent black subterminal band.

Vocalizations

Solitary males sing from high, exposed twigs in their territory every day. Their song is a monotonously repeated sharp and dry “tsu-tzeek” at a rate of about one call per second.

Distribution and habitat

Distribution

The Green violetear breeds from the highlands of southern Mexico south to Nicaragua. It is a rare but annual nonbreeding visitor to the United States, primarily southern and central Texas, with scattered records as far north as extreme southern Canada.

Habitat

Common habitats for the Mexican violetear is in the canopy and borders of subtropical and lower temperate forest, secondary woodland and scrub, and clearings and gardens in the subtropical zone. It is recorded mostly between altitudes of 1,200 to 2,300 m (3,900 to 7,500 ft), though they will sometimes wander as far down as 500 m (1,600 ft) in search of food sources. It generally prefers more humid and high-altitude areas, such as cloud forests.

Diet

The Green violetear forages alone but tends to gather at flowering trees, especially coffee-shade Inga. They feed at mid-level to canopy and often hold and defend a feeding territory. They primarily feed on nectar and small insects.

Breeding

Like most hummingbirds, the Green violetear is a solitary nester. The male’s only involvement in the breeding process is to attract and mate with the female. The female is then responsible for choosing a nest location, generally on a low, small horizontal branch in a protected area. The nest is small and built from various plant materials, spider webs, and down woven together to form a sturdy cup structure. Two small white eggs are laid within the nest and the female incubates them on her own. Incubation time is 14–18 days. Hatchlings are primarily fed insects due to high nutritional requirements. No information was found on the length of the nestling stage or age at fledgling. Breeding takes place though the wet season into the early dry season, which varies by latitude.

Migration

Seasonal movements of the Mexican violetear are not well understood. Many individuals of northern populations move south or and/or to lower elevations following the end of the breeding season (July to November in Mexico), but regular occurrence hundreds of kilometres north of this range suggests a more complex migration strategy.