
Nombre en español: Picoplano Azufrado
Nombre en inglés: Yellow-olive Flycatcher
Nombre científico: Tolmomyias sulphurescens
Familia: Tyrannidae
El picoplano sulfuroso o picochato grande (Tolmomyias sulphurescens) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae que se encuentra en Argentina, Belice, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guayana francesa, Guyana, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Surinam, Trinidad y Tobago y Venezuela.

Su nombre quiere decir atrapamoscas audaz, de la raíces griegas tólmos= audaz, osado y myias= atrapamoscas. El epíteto sulphurescens hace referencia a su color amarillento sulfuroso. Habita en zonas desde secas y húmedas, monte abierto, bordes y plantaciones sombrías.
Distribución
Presenta una distribución continua desde México hasta el norte de Argentina y el sureste de Brasil. En ColombiaHasta 1800 metros (En la mayoría de la región a menos de 1200 metros). Hacia el Norte de Sucre (Serranía de San Jacinto) hasta la región de Santa Marta, Occidente de la Guajira y Valle del César (exostivus); Golfo de Urabá hasta el Suroccidente Córdoba (Flavo-Olivaceus); Costa Pacifica Sur hasta el suroccidente del Cauca, alto Valle del Cauca y cabecera del Magdalena (asemus); Valle del Magdalena desde Santander hasta el Norte del Huila y Oriente de los Andes desde el Norte de Santander hasta el occidente de Caquetá y Nororiente del Meta. Probablemente hasta Orinoco, Sur de México hasta el Norte de Argentina, Paraguay y Suroriente de Brasil, Trinidad.
Hábitat
Vive en el nivel medio del interior del bosque y a veces en las manchas de vegetación ribereña en una zona sin inundaciones e islas fluviales, por debajo de los 2.000 m de altitud.

Descripción
Tamaño y Forma
Mide entre 13 y 15.5 cm y pesa de 14.5 a 15.2 g. Su cabeza es más bien grande color oliva oscuro y su pico es plano de tono negro por encima, pálido debajo. Por encima es de color verde oliva brillante, su coronilla es grisácea con lista bridal blanquecina y estrecho anillo ocular. La tonalidad de las alas es negruzca con márgenes y dos barras amarillas más o menos definidas. Posee las partes inferiores amarillo oliva desvanecido a amarillo azufre en el abdomen (o ligeramente más gris en la garganta y el pecho).
Especies Similares
Puede confundirse con el Picoplano Aliamarillo (Tolmomyias assimilis) y el Picoplano Diminuto (Tolmomyias poliocephalus) pero es más grandes que estos últimos.
Diferencias Regionales
Se reconocen 16 subespecies de las cuales encontramos en Colombia a T. s. flavoolivaceus, T. s. asemus, T. s. exortivus y T. s. confusus.
Alimentación
Se alimenta de insectos que busca entre el follaje o atrapa en vuelo.

Reproducción
Construye su nido con fibras negras del hongo Marasmius, éste tiene forma globular con entrada lateral a manera de túnel hacia abajo, en la punta de alguna ramas delgada de la parte baja o medía de un árbol del bosque. La hembra pone 2 o 3 huevos en una cámara situada en la parte superior del nido, encima de la entrada. La incubación dura 17 a 19 días; generalmente es la hembra la que incuba los huevos, pero por momentos es substituida por el macho. Los polluelos abandonan el nido 22 a 24 días de nacer.
Hallados 7 individuos en condición reproductiva en Enero y Junio al Norte de Colombia, el 1 de Noviembre en Tolima (MCN), el 1 de Diciembre en el Valle; hallado nido en construcción, mes de Enero, en el alto Magdalena. Éste tiene una forma de retorta, de fibras delgadas con tubo de entrada dirigido hacia abajo. El lado del fondo a menudo permanece suspendido y expuesto sobre alguna carretera o arroyo entre 2 a 7 metros, deposita 2 a 3 huevos de color blanco crema con ligero tinte rufo y manchas cafés. También usa el nido como dormitorio.

Yellow-olive flatbill
The yellow-olive flatbill or yellow-olive flycatcher (Tolmomyias sulphurescens) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is found in tropical and subtopical forest and woodland in Central and South America, but over its range there are significant variations in plumage, iris-colour and voice, leading to speculations that more than one species is involved. Its plumage is overall greenish-yellow, the lores are whitish, the crown is often greyish and some subspecies have a dusky patch on the auriculars. The flat bill is black above and pale pinkish or greyish below; similar to the yellow-margined flatbill, but unlike the grey-crowned flatbill.
The Yellow-olive Flycatcher has a wide distribution, ranging from southern Mexico south to northeastern Argentina; across this large region, it is a resident in a variety of habitats, but always is associated with forest and forest edge. The Yellow-olive Flycatcher has a broad bill; a gray or dark olive crown; and dark auriculars, which usually surround a paler central spot. There are at least 16 subspecies of Yellow-olive Flycatcher, which exhibit subtle variations on this basic appearance; these subspecies also often differ in voice and to sometimes in habitat, and may some day be shown to l represent a dozen or more full species. These flycatchers forage singly or in pairs, and occasionally with mixed species flocks in the lower and mid-levels of forests. The diet of the Yellow-olive Flycatcher is predominantly insects which it takes by slowly and deliberately searching foliage for prey, and then making a short sally or quick upward strike. The nests of Yellow-olive Flycatchers are pear-shaped bags made out of rootlets, fungal rhizomes and grass, regularly near an active wasp’s nest.
Identification
13–15·5 cm; 14·5–15·2 g. Nominate race has dark olive crown, narrow whitish supraloral and eyering, pale olive auriculars with dusky patch towards rear; nape dark olive, upperparts olive-green; wings dusky or blackish, two yellowish-olive wingbars, yellowish margins of remiges; pale greenish-grey throat, becoming greenish-olive on breast and flanks, bright yellow on belly and undertail-coverts; iris variable, typically pale brown to pale grey; bill wide and flat, upper mandible black, lower mandible pale grey to pale flesh-coloured; legs grey. Sexes similar. Juvenile is paler below, white eyering broken, dark brown or olive iris becoming paler with maturity.
Systematics History
Taxonomy requires further resolution. Regional differences in voice, plumage and eye color suggest that races might represent more than one species; some plumage variation appears clinal but clines discordant; several races dubious, particularly within South America.
Geographic Variation
Subspecies vary in extent of olive or gray on crown and throat, general brightness of green on back and yellow on belly, also iris color, although differences often quite subtle. Southern subspecies (pallescens and grisescens) have darker olive crown than northern subspecies.
Subspecies
Sixteen subspecies tentatively recognized.
Habitat
Wide variety of dry to humid forest habitats, including borders of humid and montane forests, and dry, deciduous and gallery forests, isolated woodlots, shady plantations, and tall secondary growth; inhabits river islands and riparian habitats in Amazonia and S Venezuela. In Surinam, common in wooded sand ridges in coastal region, savanna forest and interior. Generally does not occur in humid lowland forest (terra firme), where replaced by T. assimilis and T. poliocephalus (Costa Rica); where these congeners absent (SE Brazil, and E slope of Andes in Ecuador and Peru), present species does inhabit tall humid forest. Mostly lowlands below 1500 m, smaller numbers on Andean slopes to c. 1800 m (900–1700 m in W Ecuador) and to 1900 m N of Orinoco (Venezuela); to 1200 m in Mexico.
Movement
Resident.
Diet and Foraging
Food insects, including beetles (Coleoptera), ants (Hymenoptera), homopteran bugs; recorded prey include beetles of family Scolytidae. Small berries also occasionally taken. Forages singly or in pairs, alone or with mixed-species flocks, inside crowns and at lower and middle levels of forest. Perches with more upright posture than congeners, rarely cocks tail. Slowly and deliberately searches foliage for prey, then makes short (up to c. 2 m) sallies, upward strikes, hover-gleans, perch -gleans and aerial chases to capture prey, often from undersides of leaves, then dropping down or continuing to new perch. In Costa Rica, sometimes picks at bare branches.
Sounds and Vocal Behavior
Song highly variable geographically, e.g. a series of 2–6 sharp or buzzy high notes, “dzeeyp, dzyeep, dzeep”, sometimes with pause after first note, becoming sharper with each repetition, like that of T. assimilis but less nasal; in Venezuela, similar buzzy nasal “ps ps psst psst PSST” given N of Orinoco, whereas, S of river, typically a sharp “spik spik” with pause of 1–3 seconds between notes, or several “spik” notes in long irregular sequence; song W of Andes in Ecuador (aequatorialis) a thin and well-enunciated series of quick notes as ‘psee-pset-pset-pset’, E of Andes the notes a little longer, e.g. ‘swit-swit-swit-swit-swit’; in all areas often a long pause between songs. In Panama, call thin, usually consists of 1–2 sibilant notes, “dzz”, “dzz” or “tsit, tsit”, sometimes followed by fast musical rattle. Voice of nominate race described as a squeaky whistle, “sheet, shi-eet”, given three times.

Fuente: Wikipedia/eBird/xeno-canto/WikiAves/Birds of the world