Nombre en español: Reinita Culiamarilla

Nombre en inglés: Yellow-rumped Warbler

Nombre científico: Setophaga coronata

Familia: Parulidae

Categorías: Errática / Migratoria / Boreal

La reinita coronada (Setophaga coronata),​ también denominada chipe grupidorado,​ chipe de rabadilla amarilla, cigüita mirta, reinita culiamarilla, reinita lomiamarilla, reinita rabiamarilla, bijirita coronada,​ y chipe coronado, ​ es una especie de ave de la familia de los parúlidos o Parulidae, donde se ubican a los chipes, mascarita, parulas y pavitos. Se distribuye ampliamente por América del Norte, y consta de cuatro subespecies, siendo las dos norteñas migratorias y las dos sureñas sedentarias.

La plataforma de Naturalista registra también algunas observaciones de la especie para Centroamérica. México cuenta con registros de para todos los estados del país. En cuanto a su estatus de conservación, la IUCN 2019-1​ tiene catalogada a la especie como de Preocupación menor. 

Esta reinita se distingue por su rabadilla amarilla y bandas caudales color blanco. Cría en norteamérica y pasa el invierno en el norte de Colombia y Venezuela. Estas reinitas suelen verse buscando artrópodos entre la vegetación. Su epíteto coronata deriva del latín y hace referencia a su coronilla amarilla.

Tamaño y Forma

En plumaje no reproductivo es principalmente de color pardusco opaco por encima con estrías negruzcas en la espada. Presenta 2 barras alares blancas, rabadilla amarilla conspicua yel resto de las partes inferiores son blanca sucio con un tinte pardusco en el pecho y lados. En ocasiones presenta un parche amarillo en los lados. En temporada reproductiva el plumaje de los machos es mucho más brillante, por encima más gris azul, con la espalda estriada de negro, y la frente y lados de la cabeza negruzcos con un parche amarillo en la coronilla. Su vientre es blanco, el pecho negro y manchas amarillas en los costados. La hembra es más opaca.

Especies Similares

Suele ser muy facil de distinguir debido a la combinación de rabadilla amarilla y bandas blancas caudales.

Diferencias Regionales

Se reconocen cinco subespecies S. c. hooveri, S. c. coronata, S. c. auduboni, S. c. nigrifrons y S. c. goldmani. 

Distribución

La Reinita rabiamarilla suele ser errante en Venezuela y Colombia, con registroes en La Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, La Guajira y el Valle del Cauca en este último país. Cría en el norte de Norteamérica, e inverna desde el centro de EEUU hasta Panamá. 

Habitat

Puede ser encontrada en una gran variedad de hábitats, incluyendo bosques de coníferas, bosques mixtos, bosques caducifolios, plantación de pinos, pantanos, bordes y claros de bosque. En el invierno habita en zonas abiertas con árboles dispersos, manglares, plantaciones de café y matorrales.

Alimentación

Se alimenta principalmente de insectos en las áreas de reproducción. Consume orugas, escarabajos, hormigas, áfidos, saltamontes, tricópteros y mosquitos. Durante la migración y en las áreas invernales consume gran cantidad de frutos y cera de para lo cual han desarrollado características únicas gastrointestinales que les permita digerir este tipo de alimento.

Reproducción

Construye su nido en una rama horizontal cerca al tronco de una conífera a una altura promedio de 6 metros. Para su construcción emplea ramas, pastos, raíces, líquenes y pelos de ratón y caballo. El diámetro exterior del nido es de 7,6 a 8,9 cm. La hembra pone 4 a 5 huevos de color crema con manchas marrones cuya incubación dura de 12 a 13 días. Los polluelos abandonan el nido 12-14 días después de la eclosión.

Comportamiento

Revolotean entre la vegetación en busca de su alimento y algunas veces capturan presas al vuelo. Viajan en grupos pequeños y parecen estar en constante movimiento, a menudo saltando de rama en rama. 

Yellow-rumped warbler

The yellow-rumped warbler (Setophaga coronata) is a North American bird species combining four closely related forms: the eastern myrtle warbler (ssp coronata); its western counterpart, Audubon’s warbler (ssp group auduboni); the northwest Mexican black-fronted warbler (ssp nigrifrons); and the Guatemalan Goldman’s warbler (ssp goldmani).

Etymology

The genus name Setophaga is from Ancient Greek ses, «moth», and phagos, «eating», and the specific coronata means «crowned». In summer, adult females have streaked backs of black on blue-green and conspicuous yellow patches on the crown, flank, and rump. This individual is a myrtle warbler, as shown by the white throat.

Classification

Since 1973, the American Ornithologists’ Union has elected to merge these passerine birds as one species. There is a pending proposal to recognize the yellow-rumped warbler as four species rather than as different subspecies.

The myrtle form was apparently separated from the others by glaciation during the Pleistocene, and the Audubon’s form may have originated more recently through hybridization between the myrtle warbler and the Mexican nigrifrons form.

Distribution

Summer adult male yellow-rumped warblers have slate-blue backs and yellow crowns (barely visible here). As a male myrtle warbler, this individual has a black «mask».

The yellow-rumped warbler breeds from eastern North America west to the Pacific, and southward from there into Western Mexico. «Goldman’s» yellow-rumped warbler is a non-migratory endemic within the highlands of Guatemala and the black-fronted warbler is also a non-migratory Mexican endemic.^[5] The myrtle and Audubon’s forms are migratory, traveling to the southern U.S., Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean for winters. Among warblers Audubon’s is by far the most widespread in North America in winter, and in the northern and central parts of the continent, it is among the last to leave in the fall and among the first to return and is an occasional vagrant to the British Isles and Iceland.

Habitat

Yellow-rumped warblers spend the breeding season in mature coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous woodlands (such as in patches of aspen, birch, or willow). In the western U.S. and in the central Appalachian Mountains, they are found mostly in mountainous areas. In the Pacific Northwest and the Northeastern U.S., they occur all the way down to sea level wherever conifers are present. During winter, yellow-rumped warblers find open areas with fruiting shrubs or scattered trees, such as parks, streamside woodlands, open pine and pine-oak forest, dunes (where bayberries are common), and residential areas. On their tropical wintering grounds they live in mangroves, thorn scrub, pine-oak-fir forests, and shade coffee plantations.

Description

This is a mid-sized New World warbler, though it is one of the largest species in the genus Setophaga (formerly Dendroica) which comprises most of the species in the family. In total length, the species can range from 12 to 15 cm (4.7 to 5.9 in) long, with a wingspan of 19 to 24 cm (7.5 to 9.4 in). Body mass can vary from 9.9 to 17.7 g (0.35 to 0.62 oz), though averages between 11 and 14 g (0.39 and 0.49 oz). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 6.3 to 8.4 cm (2.5 to 3.3 in), the tail is 5 to 6.6 cm (2.0 to 2.6 in), the bill is 0.8 to 1.1 cm (0.31 to 0.43 in) and the tarsus is 1.8 to 2.2 cm (0.71 to 0.87 in). In summers, males of both forms have streaked backs of black on slate blue, white wing patches, a streaked breast, and conspicuous yellow patches on the crown, flank, and rump (the latter giving rise to the species’s nickname «butterbutt» among birdwatchers). Audubon’s warbler also sports a yellow throat patch, while the myrtle warbler has a white throat and eye stripe, and a contrasting black cheek patch. Females of both forms are more dull, with brown streaking front and back, but still have noticeable yellow rumps. Goldman’s warbler, of Guatemala, resembles Audubon’s but has a white lower border to the yellow throat and otherwise darker plumage; males replace the slate blue of Audubon’s with black.

Behavior

Audubon’s and the myrtle are among North America’s most abundant neotropical migrants. They are primarily insectivorous. The species is perhaps the most versatile foragers of all warblers. Beyond gleaning from leaves like other New World warblers, they often flit, flycatcher-like, out from their perches in short loops, to catch flying insects. Other places yellow-rumped warblers have been spotted foraging include picking at insects on washed-up seaweed at the beach, skimming insects from the surface of rivers and the ocean, picking them out of spiderwebs, and grabbing them off piles of manure. Common foods include caterpillars and other larvae, leaf beetles, bark beetles, weevils, ants, scale insects, aphids, grasshoppers, caddisflies, craneflies, and gnats, as well as spiders. They also eat spruce budworm, a serious forest pest, during outbreaks.

When bugs are scarce, the myrtle warbler also eats fruit, including the wax-myrtle berries which gave it its name. It is the only warbler able to digest such waxy material. The ability to use these fruits allows it to winter farther north than other warblers, sometimes as far north as Newfoundland. Other commonly eaten fruits include juniper berries, poison ivy, poison oak, greenbrier, grapes, Virginia creeper and dogwood. They eat wild seeds such as from beach grasses and goldenrod, and they may come to feeders, where they’ll take sunflower seeds, raisins, peanut butter, and suet. On their wintering grounds in Mexico they’ve been seen sipping the sweet honeydew liquid excreted by aphids. Male yellow-rumped warblers tend to forage higher in the trees than females do. While foraging with other warbler species, they sometimes aggressively displace other species, including pine warblers and Blackburnian warblers.

Audubon’s and the myrtle nest in coniferous and mixed woodlands, and lay 4–5 eggs. Females build the nest, sometimes using material the male carries to her. The nest is a cup of twigs, pine needles, grasses, and rootlets. She may also use moose, horse, and deer hair, moss, and lichens. She lines this cup with fine hair and feathers, sometimes woven into the nest in such a way that they curl up and over the eggs. The nest takes about 10 days to build. Nests are located on the horizontal branch of a conifer, anywhere from 1.2 to 15 m (3.9 to 49.2 ft) high. Tree species include hemlock, spruce, white cedar, pine, Douglas-fir, and larch or tamarack. They may build their nests far out on a main branch or tuck it close to the trunk in a secure fork of two or more branches. Occasionally nest are built in a deciduous tree such as a maple, oak or birch. The eggs are incubated for 12 to 13 days. Nestlings are helpless and naked at hatching but grow quickly. The young are brooded for 10 to 14 days, at which point they can fledge.

The yellow-rumped warbler has a trill-like song of 4–7 syllables (tyew-tyew-tyew-tyew, tew-tew-tew) and an occasional check or chip call note.

Fuentes: Wikipedia/eBird/xeno-canto/WikiAves